Verse 1

Job pauses for a reply. None being made, he proceeds to illustrate the mysteriousness of God‘s dealings, as set forth (Job 28:1-28) by his own case.

Verse 2

preserved me — from calamity.

Verse 3

candle — when His favor shone on me (Job 18:6 and see on Psalm 18:28).

darkness — By His safeguard I passed secure through dangers. Perhaps alluding to the lights carried before caravans in nightly travels through deserts [Noyes].

Verse 4

youth — literally, “autumn”; the time of the ripe fruits of my prosperity. Applied to youth, as the Orientalists began their year with autumn, the most temperate season in the East.

secret — when the intimate friendship of God rested on my tent (Proverbs 3:32; Psalm 31:20; Genesis 18:17; John 15:15). The Hebrew often means a divan for deliberation.

Verse 6

butter — rather, “cream,” literally, “thick milk.” Wherever I turned my steps, the richest milk and oil flowed in to me abundantly. Image from pastoral life.

When I washed my steps — Literal washing of the feet in milk is not meant, as the second clause shows; Margin, “with me,” that is, “near” my path, wherever I walked (Deuteronomy 32:13). Olives amidst rocks yield the best oil. Oil in the East is used for food, light, anointing, and medicine.

Verses 7-10

The great influence Job had over young and old, and noblemen.

through  …  street! — rather, When I went out of my house, in the country (see Job 1:1, prologue) to the gate (ascending), up to the city (which was on elevated ground), and when I prepared my (judicial) seat in the market place. The market place was the place of judgment, at the gate or propylaea of the city, such as is found in the remains of Nineveh and Persepolis (Isaiah 59:14; Psalm 55:11; Psalm 127:5).

Verse 8

hid — not literally; rather, “stepped backwards,” reverentially. The aged, who were already seated, arose and remained standing (Hebrew) until Job seated himself. Oriental manners.

Verse 9

(Job 4:2; see on Job 21:5).

Refrained talking — stopped in the middle of their speech.

Verse 10

Margin, “voice - hid,” that is, “hushed” (Ezekiel 3:26).

Tongue cleaved, etc. — that is, awed by my presence, the emirs or sheiks were silent.

Verse 11

blessed — extolled my virtues (Proverbs 31:28). Omit “me” after “heard”; whoever heard of me (in general, not in the market place, Job 29:7-10) praised me.

gave witness — to my honorable character. Image from a court of justice (Luke 4:22).

the eye — that is, “face to face”; antithesis to

ear — that is, report of me.

Verses 12-17

The grounds on which Job was praised (Job 29:11), his helping the afflicted (Psalm 72:12) who cried to him for help, as a judge, or as one possessed of means of charity. Translate: “The fatherless who had none to help him.”

Verse 13

So far was I from sending “widows” away empty (Job 22:9).

ready to perish — (Proverbs 31:6).

Verse 14

(Isaiah 61:10; 1 Chronicles 12:18).

judgment — justice.

diadem — tiara. Rather, “turban,” “head-dress.” It and the full flowing outer mantle or “robe,” are the prominent characteristics of an Oriental grandee‘s or high priest‘s dress (Zechariah 3:5). So Job‘s righteousness especially characterized him.

Verse 15

Literally, “the blind” (Deuteronomy 27:18); “lame” (2 Samuel 9:13); figuratively, also the spiritual support which the more enlightened gives to those less so (Job 4:3; Hebrews 12:13; Numbers 10:31).

Verse 16

So far was I from “breaking the arms of the fatherless,” as Eliphaz asserts (Job 22:9), I was a “father” to such.

the cause which I knew not — rather, “of him whom I knew not,” the stranger (Proverbs 29:7 [Umbreit]; contrast Luke 18:1, etc.). Applicable to almsgiving (Psalm 41:1); but here primarily, judicial conscientiousness (Job 31:13).

Verse 17

Image from combating with wild beasts (Job 4:11; Psalm 3:7). So compassionate was Job to the oppressed, so terrible to the oppressor!

jaws — Job broke his power, so that he could do no more hurt, and tore from him the spoil, which he had torn from others.

Verse 18

I said — in my heart (Psalm 30:6).

in — rather, “with my nest”; as the second clause refers to long life. Instead of my family dying before me, as now, I shall live so long as to die with them: proverbial for long life. Job did realize his hope (Job 42:16). However, in the bosom of my family, gives a good sense (Numbers 24:21; Obadiah 1:4). Use “nest” for a secure dwelling.

sand — (Genesis 22:17; Habakkuk 1:9). But the Septuagint and Vulgate, and Jewish interpreters, favor the translation, “the phoenix bird.” “Nest” in the parallel clause supports the reference to a bird. “Sand” for multitude, applies to men, rather than to years. The myth was, that the phoenix sprang from a nest of myrrh, made by his father before death, and that he then came from Arabia (Job‘s country) to Heliopolis (the city of the Sun) in Egypt, once in every five hundred years, and there burnt his father [Herodotus, 2:73]. Modern research has shown that this was the Egyptian mode of representing hieroglyphically a particular chronological era or cycle. The death and revival every five hundred years, and the reference to the sun, implies such a grand cycle commencing afresh from the same point in relation to the sun from which the previous one started. Job probably refers to this.

Verse 19

Literally, “opened to the waters.” Opposed to Job 18:16. Vigorous health.

Verse 20

My renown, like my bodily health, was continually fresh.

bow — Metaphor from war, for, my strength, which gains me “renown,” was ever renewed (Jeremiah 49:35).

Verse 21

Job reverts with peculiar pleasure to his former dignity in assemblies (Job 29:7-10).

Verse 22

not again — did not contradict me.

dropped — affected their minds, as the genial rain does the soil on which it gently drops (Amos 7:16; Deuteronomy 32:2; Song of Solomon 4:11).

Verse 23

Image of Job 29:22 continued. They waited for my salutary counsel, as the dry soil does for the refreshing rain.

opened  …  mouth — panted for; Oriental image (Psalm 119:131). The “early rain” is in autumn and onwards, while the seed is being sown. The “latter rain” is in March, and brings forward the harvest, which ripens in May or June. Between the early and latter rains, some rain falls, but not in such quantities as those rains. Between March and October no rain falls (Deuteronomy 11:14; James 5:7).

Verse 24

When I relaxed from my wonted gravity (a virtue much esteemed in the East) and smiled, they could hardly credit it; and yet, notwithstanding my condescension, they did not cast aside reverence for my gravity. But the parallelism is better in Umbreit‘s translation, “I smiled kindly on those who trusted not,” that is, in times of danger I cheered those in despondency. And they could not cast down (by their despondency) my serenity of countenance (flowing from trust in God) (Proverbs 16:15; Psalm 104:15). The opposite phrase (Genesis 4:5, Genesis 4:6). “Gravity” cannot well be meant by “light of countenance.”

Verse 25

I chose out their way — that is, I willingly went up to their assembly (from my country residence, Job 29:7).

in the army — as a king supreme in the midst of his army.

comforteth the mourners — Here again Job unconsciously foreshadows Jesus Christ (Isaiah 61:2, Isaiah 61:3). Job‘s afflictions, as those of Jesus Christ, were fitting him for the office hereafter (Isaiah 50:4; Hebrews 2:18).