Verse 1

Ezekiel 23:1-49. Israel‘s and Judah‘s sin and punishment are parabolically portrayed under the names Aholah and Aholibah.

The imagery is similar to that in the sixteenth chapter; but here the reference is not as there so much to the breach of the spiritual marriage covenant with God by the people‘s idolatries, as by their worldly spirit, and their trusting to alliances with the heathen for safety, rather than to God.

Verse 2

two … of one mother — Israel and Judah, one nation by birth from the same ancestress, Sarah.

Verse 3

Even so early in their history as their Egyptian sojourn, they committed idolatries (see on Ezekiel 20:6-8; see on Joshua 24:14).

in their youth — an aggravation of their sin. It was at the very time of their receiving extraordinary favors from God (Ezekiel 16:6, Ezekiel 16:22).

they bruised — namely, the Egyptians.

Verse 4

Aholah — that is, “Her tent” (put for worship, as the first worship of God in Israel was in a tent or tabernacle), as contrasted with Aholibah, that is, “My tent in her.” The Beth-el worship of Samaria was of her own devising, not of God‘s appointment; the temple-worship of Jerusalem was expressly appointed by Jehovah, who “dwelt” there, “setting up His tabernacle among the people as His” (Exodus 25:8; Leviticus 26:11, Leviticus 26:12; Joshua 22:19; Psalm 76:2).

the elder — Samaria is called “the elder” because she preceded Judah in her apostasy and its punishment.

they were mine — Previous to apostasy under Jeroboam, Samaria (Israel, or the ten tribes), equally with Judah, worshipped the true God. God therefore never renounced the right over Israel, but sent prophets, as Elijah and Elisha, to declare His will to them.

Verse 5

mine — literally, “under Me,” that is, subject to Me as her lawful husband.

neighbours — On the northeast the kingdom of Israel bordered on that of Assyria; for the latter had occupied much of Syria. Their neighborhood in locality was emblematical of their being near in corruption of morals and worship. The alliances of Israel with Assyria, which are the chief subject of reprobation here, tended to this (2 Kings 15:19; 2 Kings 16:7, 2 Kings 16:9; 2 Kings 17:3; Hosea 8:9).

Verse 6

blue — rather, “purple” [Fairbairn]. As a lustful woman‘s passions are fired by showy dress and youthful appearance in men, so Israel was seduced by the pomp and power of Assyria (compare Isaiah 10:8).

horsemen — cavaliers.

Verse 7

all their idols — There was nothing that she refused to her lovers.

Verse 8

whoredoms brought from Egypt — the calves set up in Dan and Beth-el by Jeroboam, answering to the Egyptian bull-formed idol Apis. Her alliances with Egypt politically are also meant (Isaiah 30:2, Isaiah 30:3; Isaiah 31:1). The ten tribes probably resumed the Egyptian rites, in order to enlist the Egyptians against Judah (2 Chronicles 12:2-4).

Verse 9

God, in righteous retribution, turned their objects of trust into the instruments of their punishment: Pul, Tiglath-pileser, Esar-haddon, and Shalmaneser (2 Kings 15:19, 2 Kings 15:29; 2 Kings 17:3, 2 Kings 17:6, 2 Kings 17:24; Ezra 4:2, Ezra 4:10). “It was their sin to have sought after such lovers, and it was to be their punishment that these lovers should become their destroyers” [Fairbairn].

Verse 10

became famous — literally, “she became a name,” that is, as notorious by her punishment as she had been by her sins, so as to be quoted as a warning to others.

women — that is, neighboring peoples.

Verse 11

Judah, the southern kingdom, though having the “warning” (see on Ezekiel 23:10) of the northern kingdom before her eyes, instead of profiting by it, went to even greater lengths in corruption than Israel. Her greater spiritual privileges made her guilt the greater (Ezekiel 16:47, Ezekiel 16:51; Jeremiah 3:11).

Verse 12

(Ezekiel 23:6, Ezekiel 23:23).

most gorgeously — literally, “to perfection.” Grotius translates, “wearing a crown,” or “chaplet,” such as lovers wore in visiting their mistresses.

Verse 13

one way — both alike forsaking God for heathen confidences.

Verse 14

vermilion — the peculiar color of the Chaldeans, as purple was of the Assyrians. In striking agreement with this verse is the fact that the Assyrian sculptures lately discovered have painted and colored bas-reliefs in red, blue, and black. The Jews (for instance Jehoiakim, Jeremiah 22:14) copied these (compare Ezekiel 8:10).

Verse 15

exceeding in dyed attire — rather, “in ample dyed turbans”; literally, “redundant with dyed turbans.” The Assyrians delighted in ample, flowing, and richly colored tunics, scarfs, girdles, and head-dresses or turbans, varying in ornaments according to the rank.

Chaldea,  …  land of their nativity — between the Black and Caspian Seas (see on Isaiah 23:13).

princes — literally, a first-rate military class that fought by threes in the chariots, one guiding the horses, the other two fighting.

Verse 16

into Chaldea — (Ezekiel 16:29). It was she that solicited the Chaldeans, not they her. Probably the occasion was when Judah sought to strengthen herself by a Chaldean alliance against a menaced attack by Egypt (compare 2 Kings 23:29-35; 2 Kings 24:1-7). God made the object of their sinful desire the instrument of their punishment. Jehoiakim, probably by a stipulation of tribute, enlisted Nebuchadnezzar against Pharaoh, whose tributary he previously had been; failing to keep his stipulation, he brought on himself Nebuchadnezzar‘s vengeance.

Verse 17

alienated from them — namely, from the Chaldeans: turning again to the Egyptians (Ezekiel 23:19), trying by their help to throw off her solemn engagements to Babylon (compare Jeremiah 37:5, Jeremiah 37:7; 2 Kings 24:7).

Verse 18

my mind was alienated from her — literally, “was broken off from her.” Just retribution for “her mind being alienated (broken off) from the Chaldeans” (Ezekiel 23:17), to whom she had sworn fealty (Ezekiel 17:12-19). “Discovered” implies the open shamelessness of her apostasy.

Verse 19

Israel first “called” her lusts, practiced when in Egypt, “to her (fond) remembrance,” and then actually returned to them. Mark the danger of suffering the memory to dwell on the pleasure felt in past sins.

Verse 20

their paramours — that is, her paramours among them (the Egyptians); she doted upon their persons as her paramours (Ezekiel 23:5, Ezekiel 23:12, Ezekiel 23:16).

flesh — the membrum virile (very large in the ass). Compare Leviticus 15:2, Margin; Ezekiel 16:26.

issue of horses — the seminal issue. The horse was made by the Egyptians the hieroglyphic for a lustful person.

Verse 21

calledst to remembrance — “didst repeat” [Maurer].

in bruising — in suffering … to be bruised.

Verse 22

alienated — (Ezekiel 23:17). Illicit love, soon or late, ends in open hatred (2 Samuel 13:15). The Babylonians, the objects formerly of their God-forgetting love, but now, with characteristic fickleness, objects of their hatred, shall be made by God the instruments of their punishment.

Verse 23

Pekod, etc. — (Jeremiah 50:21). Not a geographical name, but descriptive of Babylon. “Visitation,” peculiarly the land of “judgment”; in a double sense: actively, the inflicter of judgment on Judah; passively, as about to be afterwards herself the object of judgment.

Shoa  …  Koa — “rich  …  noble”; descriptive of Babylon in her prosperity, having all the world‘s wealth and dignity at her disposal. Maurer suggests that, as descriptive appellatives are subjoined to the proper name, “all the Assyrians” in the second hemistich of the verse (as the verse ought to be divided at “Koa”), so Pekod, Shoa, and Koa must be appellatives descriptive of “The Babylonians and  …  Chaldeans” in the first hemistich; “Pekod” meaning “prefects”; Shoa  …  Koa, “rich  …  princely.”

desirable young men — strong irony. Alluding to Ezekiel 23:12, these “desirable young men” whom thou didst so “dote upon” for their manly vigor of appearance, shall by that very vigor be the better able to chastise thee.

Verse 24

with chariots — or, “with armaments”; so the Septuagint; “axes” [Maurer]; or, joining it with “wagons,” translate, “with scythe-armed wagons,” or “chariots” [Grotius].

wheels — The unusual height of these increased their formidable appearance (Ezekiel 1:16-20).

their judgments — which awarded barbarously severe punishments (Jeremiah 52:9; Jeremiah 29:22).

Verse 25

take away thy nose … ears — Adulteresses were punished so among the Egyptians and Chaldeans. Oriental beauties wore ornaments in the ear and nose. How just the retribution, that the features most bejeweled should be mutilated! So, allegorically as to Judah, the spiritual adulteress.

Verse 26

of  …  clothes — whereby she attracted her paramours (Ezekiel 16:39).

Verse 27

make  …  lewdness to cease — The captivity has made the Jews ever since abhor idolatry, not only on their return from Babylon, but for the last eighteen centuries of their dispersion, as foretold (Hosea 3:4).

Verse 28

(Ezekiel 23:17, Ezekiel 23:18; Ezekiel 16:37).

Verse 29

take away … thy labour — that is, the fruits of thy labor.

leave thee naked — as captive females are treated.

Verse 31

her cup — of punishment (Psalm 11:6; Psalm 75:8; Jeremiah 25:15, etc.). Thy guilt and that of Israel being alike, your punishment shall be alike.

Verse 34

sherds — So greedily shalt thou suck out every drop like one drinking to madness (the effect invariably ascribed to drinking God‘s cup of wrath, Jeremiah 51:7; Habakkuk 2:16) that thou shalt crunch the very shreds of it; that is, there shall be no evil left which thou shalt not taste.

pluck off thine own breasts — enraged against them as the ministers to thine adultery.

Verse 35

forgotten me — the root of all sin (Jeremiah 2:32; Jeremiah 13:25).

cast me behind thy back — (1 Kings 14:9; Nehemiah 9:26).

bear  …  thy lewdness — that is, its penal consequences (Proverbs 1:31).

Verses 36-44

A summing up of the sins of the two sisters, especially those of Judah.

wilt thou judge — Wilt thou (not) judge (see on Ezekiel 20:4)?

Verse 38

the same day — On the very day that they had burned their children to Molech in the valley of Gehenna, they shamelessly and hypocritically presented themselves as worshippers in Jehovah‘s temple (Jeremiah 7:9, Jeremiah 7:10).

Verse 40

messenger was sent — namely, by Judah (Ezekiel 23:16; Isaiah 57:9).

paintedst  …  eyes — (2 Kings 9:30, Margin; Jeremiah 4:30). Black paint was spread on the eyelids of beauties to make the white of the eye more attractive by the contrast, so Judah left no seductive art untried.

Verse 41

bed — divan. While men reclined at table, women sat, as it seemed indelicate for them to lie down (Amos 6:4) [Grotius].

table — that is, the idolatrous altar.

mine incense — which I had given thee, and which thou oughtest to have offered to Me (Ezekiel 16:18, Ezekiel 16:19; Hosea 2:8; compare Proverbs 7:17).

Verse 42

Sabeans — Not content with the princely, handsome Assyrians, the sisters brought to themselves the rude robber hordes of Sabeans (Job 1:15). The Keri, or Margin, reads “drunkards.”

upon their hands — upon the hands of the sisters, that is, they allured Samaria and Judah to worship their gods.

Verse 43

Will they, etc. — Is it possible that paramours will desire any longer to commit whoredoms with so worn-out an old adulteress?

Verse 45

the righteous men — the Chaldeans; the executioners of God‘s righteous vengeance (Ezekiel 16:38), not that they were “righteous” in themselves (Habakkuk 1:3, Habakkuk 1:12, Habakkuk 1:13).

Verse 46

a company — properly, “a council of judges” passing sentence on a criminal [Grotius]. The “removal” and “spoiling” by the Chaldean army is the execution of the judicial sentence of God.

Verse 47

stones — the legal penalty of the adulteress (Ezekiel 16:40, Ezekiel 16:41; John 8:5). Answering to the stones hurled by the Babylonians from engines in besieging Jerusalem.

houses  …  fire — fulfilled (2 Chronicles 36:17, 2 Chronicles 36:19).

Verse 48

(Ezekiel 23:27).

that all  …  may be taught not to do, etc. — (Deuteronomy 13:11).

Verse 49

bear the sins of your idols — that is, the punishment of your idolatry.

know that I am the Lord God — that is, know it to your cost … by bitter suffering.