Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Chapter 27

Chapter 28

Chapter 29

Chapter 30

Chapter 31

Chapter 32

Chapter 33

Chapter 34

Chapter 35

Chapter 36

Chapter 37

Chapter 38

Chapter 39

Chapter 40

Chapter 41

Chapter 42

Chapter 43

Chapter 44

Chapter 45

Chapter 46

Chapter 47

Chapter 48

Chapter 49

Chapter 50

Chapter 51

Chapter 52

Book Overview - Jeremiah

The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah

Commentary by A.R. Faussett

Introduction

Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah, one of the ordinary priests, dwelling in Anathoth of Benjamin (Jeremiah 1:1), not the Hilkiah the high priest who discovered the book of the law (2 Kings 22:8); had he been the same, the designation would have been “the priest”, or “the high priest”. Besides, his residence at Anathoth shows that he belonged to the line of Abiathar, who was deposed from the high priesthood by Solomon (1 Kings 2:26-35), after which the office remained in Zadok‘s line. Mention occurs of Jeremiah in 2 Chronicles 35:25; 2 Chronicles 36:12, 2 Chronicles 36:21. In 629 b.c. the thirteenth year of King Josiah, while still very young (Jeremiah 1:5), he received his prophetical call in Anathoth (Jeremiah 1:2); and along with Hilkiah the high priest, the prophetess Huldah, and the prophet Zephaniah, he helped forward Josiah‘s reformation of religion (2 Kings 23:1-25). Among the first charges to him was one that he should go and proclaim God‘s message in Jerusalem (Jeremiah 2:2). He also took an official tour to announce to the cities of Judah the contents of the book of the law, found in the temple (Jeremiah 11:6) five years after his call to prophesy. On his return to Anathoth, his countrymen, offended at his reproofs, conspired against his life. To escape their persecutions (Jeremiah 11:21), as well as those of his own family (Jeremiah 12:6), he left Anathoth and resided at Jerusalem. During the eighteen years of his ministry in Josiah‘s reign he was unmolested; also during the three months of Jehoahaz or Shallum‘s reign (Jeremiah 22:10-12). On Jehoiakim‘s accession it became evident that Josiah‘s reformation effected nothing more than a forcible repression of idolatry and the establishment of the worship of God outwardly. The priests, prophets, and people then brought Jeremiah before the authorities, urging that he should be put to death for his denunciations of evil against the city (Jeremiah 26:8-11). The princes, however, especially Ahikam, interposed in his behalf (Jeremiah 26:16, Jeremiah 26:24), but he was put under restraint, or at least deemed it prudent not to appear in public. In the fourth year of Jehoiakim (606 b.c.), he was commanded to write the predictions given orally through him, and to read them to the people. Being “shut up”, he could not himself go into the house of the Lord (Jeremiah 36:5); he therefore deputed Baruch, his amanuensis, to read them in public on the fast day. The princes thereupon advised Baruch and Jeremiah to hide themselves from the king‘s displeasure. Meanwhile they read the roll to the king, who was so enraged that he cut it with a knife and threw it into the fire; at the same time giving orders for the apprehension of the prophet and Baruch. They escaped Jehoiakim‘s violence, which had already killed the prophet Urijah (Jeremiah 26:20-23). Baruch rewrote the words, with additional prophecies, on another roll (Jeremiah 36:27-32). In the three months‘ reign of Jehoiachin or Jeconiah, he prophesied the carrying away of the king and the queen mother (Jeremiah 13:18; Jeremiah 22:24-30; compare 2 Kings 24:12). In this reign he was imprisoned for a short time by Pashur (Jeremiah 20:1-18), the chief governor of the Lord‘s house; but at Zedekiah‘s accession he was free (Jeremiah 37:4), for the king sent to him to “inquire of the Lord” when Nebuchadnezzar came up against Jerusalem (Jeremiah 21:1-3, etc.; Jeremiah 37:3). The Chaldeans drew off on hearing of the approach of Pharaoh‘s army (Jeremiah 37:5); but Jeremiah warned the king that the Egyptians would forsake him, and the Chaldeans return and burn up the city (Jeremiah 37:7, Jeremiah 37:8). The princes, irritated at this, made the departure of Jeremiah from the city during the respite a pretext for imprisoning him, on the allegation of his deserting to the Chaldeans (Jeremiah 38:1-5). He would have been left to perish in the dungeon of Malchiah, but for the intercession of Ebed-melech, the Ethiopian (Jeremiah 38:6-13). Zedekiah, though he consulted Jeremiah in secret yet was induced by his princes to leave Jeremiah in prison (Jeremiah 38:14-28) until Jerusalem was taken. Nebuchadnezzar directed his captain, Nebuzar-adan, to give him his freedom, so that he might either go to Babylon or stay with the remnant of his people as he chose. As a true patriot, notwithstanding the forty and a half years during which his country had repaid his services with neglect and persecution, he stayed with Gedaliah, the ruler appointed by Nebuchadnezzar over Judea (Jeremiah 40:6). After the murder of Gedaliah by Ishmael, Johanan, the recognized ruler of the people, in fear of the Chaldeans avenging the murder of Gedaliah, fled with the people to Egypt, and forced Jeremiah and Baruch to accompany him, in spite of the prophet‘s warning that the people should perish if they went to Egypt, but be preserved by remaining in their land (Jeremiah 41:1-43:13). At Tahpanhes, a boundary city on the Tanitic or Pelustan branch of the Nile, he prophesied the overthrow of Egypt (Jeremiah 43:8-13). Tradition says he died in Egypt. According to the Pseudo-Epiphanius, he was stoned at Taphnae or Tahpanhes. The Jews so venerated him that they believed he would rise from the dead and be the forerunner of Messiah (Matthew 16:14).

Havernick observes that the combination of features in Jeremiah‘s character proves his divine mission; mild, timid, and susceptible of melancholy, yet intrepid in the discharge of his prophetic functions, not sparing the prince any more than the meanest of his subjects - the Spirit of prophecy controlling his natural temper and qualifying him for his hazardous undertaking, without doing violence to his individuality. Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Daniel, and Ezekiel were his contemporaries. The last forms a good contrast to Jeremiah, the Spirit in his case acting on a temperament as strongly marked by firmness as Jeremiah‘s was by shrinking and delicate sensitiveness. Ezekiel views the nation‘s sins as opposed to righteousness - Jeremiah, as productive of misery; the former takes the objective, the latter the subjective, view of the evils of the times. Jeremiah‘s style corresponds to his character: he is peculiarly marked by pathos, and sympathy with the wretched; his Lamentations illustrate this; the whole series of elegies has but one object - to express sorrow for his fallen country; yet the lights and images in which he presents this are so many, that the reader, so far from feeling it monotonous, is charmed with the variety of the plaintive strains throughout. The language is marked by Aramaeisms, which probably was the ground of Jerome‘s charge that the style is “rustic”. Lowth denies the charge and considers him in portions not inferior to Isaiah. His heaping of phrase on phrase, the repetition of stereotyped forms - and these often three times - are due to his affected feelings and to his desire to intensify the expression of them; he is at times more concise, energetic, and sublime, especially against foreign nations, and in the rhythmical parts.

The principle of the arrangement of his prophecies is hard to ascertain. The order of kings was - Josiah (under whom he prophesied eighteen years), Jehoahaz (three months), Jehoiakim (eleven years), Jeconiah (three months), Zedekiah (eleven years). But his prophecies under Josiah (the first through twentieth chapters) are immediately followed by a portion under Zedekiah (the twenty-first chapter). Again, Jeremiah 24:8-10, as to Zedekiah, comes in the midst of the section as to Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, and Jeconiah (the twenty-second, twenty-third, twenty-fifth chapters, etc.) So the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth chapters as to Jehoiakim, follow the twenty-seventh, twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, thirty-third, thirty-fourth chapters, as to Zedekiah; and the forty-fifth chapter, dated the fourth year of Jehoiakim, comes after predictions as to the Jews who fled to Egypt after the overthrow of Jerusalem. Ewald thinks the present arrangement substantially Jeremiah‘s own; the various portions are prefaced by the same formula, “The word which came to Jeremiah from the Lord” (Jeremiah 7:1; Jeremiah 11:1; Jeremiah 18:1; Jeremiah 21:1; Jeremiah 25:1; Jeremiah 30:1; Jeremiah 32:1; Jeremiah 34:1, Jeremiah 34:8; Jeremiah 35:1; Jeremiah 40:1; Jeremiah 44:1; compare Jeremiah 14:1; Jeremiah 46:1; Jeremiah 47:1; Jeremiah 49:34). Notes of time mark other divisions more or less historical (Jeremiah 26:1; Jeremiah 27:1; Jeremiah 36:1; Jeremiah 37:1). Two other portions are distinct of themselves (Jeremiah 29:1; Jeremiah 45:1). The second chapter has the shorter introduction which marks the beginning of a strophe; the third chapter seems imperfect, having as the introduction merely “saying” (Jeremiah 3:1, Hebrew). Thus in the poetical parts, there are twenty-three sections divided into strophes of from seven to nine verses, marked some way thus, “The Lord said also unto me”. They form five books:

I.The Introduction, first chapter

II.Reproofs of the Jews, the second through twenty-fourth chapters, made up of seven sections:

(1)the second chapter

(2)the third through sixth chapters;

(3)the seventh through tenth chapters;

(4)the eleventh through thirteenth chapters;

(5)the fourteenth through seventeenth chapters;

(6)the seventeenth through nineteenth and twentieth chapters;

(7)the twenty-first through twenty-fourth chapters.

III.Review of all nations in two sections: the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth through forty-ninth chapters, with a historical appendix of three sections,

(1)the twenty-sixth chapter;

(2)the twenty-seventh chapter;

(3)the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth chapters.

IV.Two sections picturing the hopes of brighter times,

(1)the thirtieth and thirty-first chapters;

(2)the thirty-second and thirty-third chapters; and