Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Book Overview - Judges

by E.W. Bullinger

Jdg

JUDGES.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK AS A WHOLE.

TITLE, Judges. The Heb. name is Shophetim = rulers;from verb to put right and then rule. Not Judges, as modern English. For origin and description of name, cp. Judges 2:7-19. In Sept. = kritai ;Latin, Liber Judicum. The office peculiar to Israel. The book records the history of thirteen Judges (twelve called of God and one ausurper), whose names by Gematria make a multiple of eight and thirteen (see Appdx-10); six "evil" doings (see note on Judges 2:11); six oppressors and oppressions (see note on Judges 2:14); and six deliverances (see note on Judges 2:16).

Judges 1:1 - Judges 2:5. ISRAEL AND OTHER PEOPLES. AGGRESSIONS.

Judges 2:6 - Judges 8:35. GOVERNMENT.

Judges 9:1-57. INTERNAL DISORDERS.

Judges 10:1 - Judges 16:31. GOVERNMENT.

Judges 17:1 - Judges 18:31. ISRAEL AND OTHER PEOPLES. AGGRESSIONS.

Judges 19:1 - Judges 21:25. INTERNAL DISORDERS.

Judges 1:1 - Judges 2:5. CONQUESTS. ISRAEL AND OTHER NATIONS.

Judges 1:1-20. By the tribe of Judah.

Judges 1:21. Unexpelled inhabitants.

Judges 1:22-26. By the house of Joseph.

Judges 1:27 - Judges 2:5. Unexpelled inhabitants.

Judges 1:1-20. BY THE TRIBE OF JUDAH.

Judges 1:1-4. Judah.

Judges 1:5-8. Conquest. Jerusalem.

Judges 1:9. Judah.

Judges 1:10. Conquest. Hebron.

Judges 1:11. Judah.

Judges 1:12-16. Conquest. Debir.

Judges 1:17. Judah.

Judges 1:18-20. Conquest. Hebron.

Judges 1:22-26. BY THE HOUSE OF JOSEPH.

Judges 1:22-23 -. Beth-el besieged.

-, Judges 1:23. Name explained.

Judges 1:24 -. Spies. Mission.

-, Judges 1:24. Spies. Action.

Judges 1:25. Beth-el taken

Judges 1:26. Name explained.

Judges 1:27 - Judges 2:5. UNEXPELLED INHABITANTS.

Judges 1:17-36. Non-expulsion. The sin.

Judges 2:1-5. Non-expulsion. The punishment.

Judges 1:27-36. NON-EXPULSION. SIN.

Judges 1:27. Manasseh.

Judges 1:28. Made them tributaries.

Judges 1:29-30 -. Ephraim and Zebulun.

-, Judges 1:30. Made them tributaries.

Judges 1:31-33 -. Asher and Naphtali.

-, Judges 1:33. Made them tributaries.

Judges 2:1-5. NON-EXPULSION. PUNISHMENT.

Judges 2:1-2. Expostulation. Cause. Disobedience.

Judges 2:3. Threatening.

Judges 2:4. Expostulation. Effect. Weeping.

Judges 2:5. Worship.

Judges 2:6 - Judges 8:32. GOVERNMENT.

Judges 2:6-10. Antecedent.

Judges 2:11 - Judges 8:32. Subsequent.

Judges 2:6-10. ANTECEDENT.

Judges 2:6. Joshua""s life.

Judges 2:7. Predecessors. Knowledge. Obedience.

Judges 2:8-10 -. Joshua""s death.

-, Judges 2:10. Successors. Ignorance. Disobedience.

Judges 2:11 - Judges 8:32. SUBSEQUENT.

Judges 2:11 - Judges 3:4. The People and their Apostasies.

Judges 3:5 - Judges 8:2. The oppressors and Delivers.

Judges 2:11 - Judges 3:4. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR APOSTASIES.

Judges 2:11-13. Evil committed.

Judges 2:14 -. Anger of Jehovah.

Judges 2:14-15. Punishment. Sold to enemies.

Judges 2:16-19. Evil repeated.

Judges 2:20 -. Anger of Jehovah.

Judges 2:20-23; Judges 3:1-4. Punishment. Proved by enemies.

Judges 2:16-19. EVIL REPEATED.

Judges 2:16 -. Judges raised up.

-, Judges 2:16. Deliverance.

Judges 2:17. Apostasy.

Judges 2:18 -. Judges raised up.

-, Judges 2:18. Deliverance.

Judges 2:19. Apostasy.

Judges 2:20 - Judges 3:4. PUNISHMENT. PROVING.

Judges 2:20-21. Non-expulsion.

Judges 2:22. Trial.

Judges 2:23. Non-expulsion.

Judges 3:1-2. Trial.

Judges 3:3. Non-expulsion.

Judges 3:4. Trial.

Judges 3:5 - Judges 8:32. OPPRESSORS AND DELIVERERS.

Judges 3:5-11. Chushan-rishathaim. (Othniel.)

Judges 3:12-30. Eglon. (Ehud.)

Judges 3:31. Shamgar. (Philistines.)

Judges 4:1 - Judges 5:31. Jabin. (Barak.)

Judges 6:1 - Judges 8:35. Midian. (Gideon.)

Judges 3:5-11. CHUSHAN-RISHATHAIM, AND OTHNIEL.

Judges 3:5-7. Evil committed.

Judges 3:8 -. Oppressor. (Chushan-rishathaim.)

-, Judges 3:8. Servitude. Eight years.

Judges 3:9 -. Evil repented of.

-, Judges 3:9-10. Deliverer. (Othniel.)

Judges 3:11. Rest. Forty years.

Judges 3:12-30. EGLON. (EHUD.)

Judges 3:12 -. Evil committed.

-, Judges 3:12-13. Oppressor. (Eglon.)

Judges 3:14. Servitude. Eighteen years.

Judges 3:15 -. Evil repented of.

-, Judges 3:15-30 -. Deliverer. (Ehud.)

-, Judges 3:30. Rest. Eighty years.

-, Judges 3:15-30. DELIVERER. (EHUD.)

-, Judges 3:15-26. Assassination of Eglon.

Judges 3:27-30. Slaughter of Moabites.

-, Judges 3:15-26. ASSASSINATION OF EGLON.

-, Judges 3:15. Present sent.

Judges 3:16. Dagger prepared.

Judges 3:17-18. Present brought.

Judges 3:19-20. Interview sought.

Judges 3:21-22. Dagger used.

Judges 3:23-26. Interview ended.

Judges 4:1 - Judges 5:31. JABIN. (DEBORAH.)

Judges 4:1-3. Oppression by Jabin.

Judges 4:4 - Judges 5:31. Deliverance by Barak.

Judges 4:1-3. OPPRESSION BY JABIN.

Judges 4:1. Evil wrought.

Judges 4:2. Oppression.

Judges 4:3 -. Evil repented of.

-, Judges 4:3. Oppression

Judges 4:4 - Judges 5:31. DELIVERANCE BY DEBORAH.

Judges 4:4-5. Deliverer raised up.

Judges 4:6-24. Deliverance.

Judges 5:1-31 -. Delivers"" song.

Judges 5:31. Rest.

Judges 4:6-24. DELIVERANCE.

Judges 4:7 -. Command given by Jehovah.

-, Judges 4:7. Place of battle.

Judges 4:8-9. Instruments. Barak and a woman.

Judges 4:10-13. Place of battle.

Judges 4:14-16. Victory. Promise fulfilled.

Judges 4:17-22. Instruments. Barak and a woman.

Judges 4:23-24. Victory given by Jehovah.

Judges 4:17-22. INSTRUMENT. A WOMAN.

Judges 4:17. Flight of Sisera.

Judges 4:18 -. Jael meeting Sisera.

-, Judges 4:18-20. Concealment.

Judges 4:21. Sisera slain.

Judges 4:22 -. Pursuit by Barak.

-, Judges 4:22 -. Jael meeting Barak.

-, Judges 4:22 -. Discovery.

-, Judges 4:22. Sisera dead.

Judges 5:1-31 -. THE DELIVERERS"" SONG.

, Judges 5:1-2 -. Praise to Jehovah. Avenging of Israel.

-, Judges 5:2-3. Israel. People""s voluntary service.

Judges 5:4-8. Contrasted states of the country.

Judges 5:9. Israel. Leaders"" voluntary service.

Judges 5:10-11. Contrasted states of the country.

Judges 5:12-18. Contrasted conduct of tribes.

Judges 5:19-22. Enemy. Battle and defeat.

Judges 5:23-27. Contrasted succour of Israel.

Judges 5:28-30. Enemy. Presumption and defeat.

Judges 5:31 -. Praise to Jehovah. Avenging of Israel.

Judges 5:12-18. CONTRASTED CONDUCT OF TRIBES.

Judges 5:12-15 -. Warriors.

-, Judges 5:15-17. Absentees.

Judges 5:18. Warriors.

Judges 5:23-27. CONSTRASTED SUCCOUR FOR ISREAL.

Judges 5:23 -. Curse.

-, Judges 5:23. Reason.

Judges 5:24. Blessing.

Judges 5:25-27. Reason.

Judges 6:1 - Judges 8:35. MIDIAN. (GIDEON.)

Judges 6:1-10. Midian.

Judges 6:11 - Judges 8:35. Gideon.

Judges 6:1-10. MIDIAN.

Judges 6:1 -. The evil wrought.

-, Judges 6:1 -. The oppressor.

-, Judges 6:1. Servitude (seven years).

Judges 6:2-6 -. The oppression.

-, Judges 6:6-10. The evil repented of.

Judges 6:11 - Judges 8:35. GIDEON.

Judges 6:11 - Judges 7:18. The Deliverer. Raised up.

Judges 7:19 - Judges 8:23. Deliverance.

Judges 8:24-27. The Deliverer. Rewarded.

Judges 8:28. Rest (forty years).

Judges 8:29-35. The Deliverer. Forgotten.

Judges 6:11 - Judges 7:18. THE DELIVERER.

, Judges 6:11-16. Angel of Jehovah. Message to Gideon

Judges 6:17-24. Sign. Fire.

Judges 6:25-27. Command.

Judges 6:28-32. Obedience of Gideon.

Judges 6:33. Midianites.

Judges 6:34-35. Spirit of Jehovah. Message to tribes.

Judges 6:36-40. Signs. Fleece.

Judges 7:1-11. Directions.

Judges 7:12-14. Medianites.

Judges 7:15-18. Obedience of Gideon.

Judges 6:11-16. ANGEL OF JEHOVAH. MESSAGE, &c.

Judges 6:11 -. Angel. Place.

-, Judges 6:11. Gideon. Employment.

Judges 6:12. Angel. Encouragement.

Judges 6:13. Gideon. Complaint.

Judges 6:14. Angel. Mission.

Judges 6:15. Gideon. Question.

Judges 6:16. Angel. Answer.

Judges 6:17-24. SIGN. FIRE.

Judges 6:17-18 -. Gideon. Request.

-, Judges 6:18. Angel. Compliance.

19. Gideon. Offering.

Judges 6:20-21. Angel. Acceptance.

Judges 6:22. Gideon. Fear.

Judges 6:23. Angel. Assurance.

Judges 6:24. Gideon. Worship.

Judges 6:36-40. SIGN. FLEECE.

Judges 6:36-37. Request.

Judges 6:38. Compliance.

Judges 6:39. Request.

Judges 6:40. Compliance.

Judges 7:1-11. DIRECTION.

Judges 7:1. Gideon. Obedience.

Judges 7:2-3 -. Jehovah""s objection.

-, Judges 7:3. Result.

Judges 7:4. Jehovah""s objection.

Judges 7:5-6. Result.

Judges 7:7. Jehovah""s selection.

Judges 7:8. Result.

Judges 7:9-11. Gideon. Command.

Judges 7:8,

Judges 7:19-20. The assult.

Judges 7:21-22. Medianite host. Flight.

Judges 7:23. Pursuit by Naphtali.

Judges 7:24-25. The victory.

Judges 8:1-12. Pursuit by Gideon.

Judges 8:13-23. Midianite kings. Capture.

Judges 8:1-23. PURSUIT AND CAPTURE.

Judges 8:1-3. Men of Ephraim, and Gideon.

Judges 8:4-7. Succoth. Colloquy.

Judges 8:8-9. Penuel. Colloquy.

Judges 8:10-12. Kings taken.

Judges 8:13-16. Succoth. Retribution.

Judges 8:17. Penuel. Retribution.

Judges 8:18-21. Kings slain.

Judges 8:22-23. Men of Israel, and Gideon.

Judges 9:1-57. INTERNAL DISORDERS.

Judges 9:1-6. Abimelech""s usurpation.

Judges 9:7-21. Action of Jotham.

Judges 9:22-55. Action of God.

Judges 9:56-57. Abimelech""s usurpation avenged.

Judges 9:7-21. ACTION OF JOTHAM.

Judges 9:7. Jotham""s coming forth.

Judges 9:8-15. Parable given.

Judges 9:16-20. Parable interpreted.

Judges 9:21. Jotham""s fleeing away.

Judges 9:22-55. ACTION OF GOD.

Judges 9:22-23. Evil spirit sent out. Pur-

Judges 9:24 -. Against Abimelech. pose.

-, Judges 9:24. Against Shechemites.

Judges 9:25-41. Evil spirit in operation. Accom-

Judges 9:42-49. Against Shechemites. plish-

Judges 9:50-55. Against Abimelech. ment.

Judges 9:25-55. EVIL SPIRIT IN OPERATION.

Judges 9:25. Shechemites.

Judges 9:26 -. Gaal.

-, Judges 9:26-27. Shechemites.

Judges 9:28-29. Gaal.

Judges 9:30-33. Zebul. Conspiracy.

Judges 9:34. Abimelech.

Judges 9:35 -. Gaal.

Judges 9:39-41. Zebul. Flight.

Judges 9:42-45. Shechemites.

Judges 9:46-49. Tower of Shechem.

Judges 9:50. Thebez.

Judges 9:51-55. Tower of Thebez.

Judges 9:51-55.

THE TOWER OF SHECHEM. THE TOWER OF THEBEZ.

Judges 9:46-47. Refuge.

Judges 9:48. Brushwood.

Judges 9:49 -. Burning.

-, Judges 9:49. Deaths. Shechemites.

Judges 9:51. Refuge.

Judges 9:52. Burning.

Judges 9:53. Millstone.

Judges 9:54-55. Death. Abimelech.

Judges 10:1 - Judges 16:31. GOVERNMENT.

Judges 10:1-5. Judges. (Tola and Jair.)

Judges 10:6-12:7. Ammonites and Jephthah.

Judges 12:8-15. Judges. (Ibzan, Elon, Abdon.)

Judges 13:1 - Judges 16:31. Philistines and Samson.

Judges 10:6 - Judges 12:7. AMONITES AND JEPHTHAH.

Judges 10:6. The evil wrought.

Judges 10:7. Selling to Philistines and Ammonites.

Judges 10:8-9. Oppression (eighteen years).

Judges 10:10-16. The evil repented of.

Judges 10:17 - Judges 12:6. Deliverance by Jephthah.

Judges 12:7. Government by Jephthah (six years).

Judges 10:10-16. THE EVIL REPENTED OF.

Judges 10:10. Confession.

Judges 10:11-14. Reproach.

Judges 10:15-16 -. Confession.

-, Judges 10:16. Pity.

Judges 10:17 - Judges 12:6. DELIVERANCE BY JEPHTHAH.

Judges 10:17. Ammonite invasion.

Judges 10:18. A Leader needed.

Judges 11:1-3. Leader rejected.

Judges 11:4. Ammonite war.

Judges 11:5-6. Jephthah called.

Judges 11:7-11. Jephthah appointed.

Judges 11:12-28. Ammonite negotiation.

Judges 11:29. Jephthah inspired.

Judges 11:30-31. Jephthah""s return.

Judges 11:32-33. Ammonite defeat.

Judges 11:34 -. Jephthah""s return.

Judges 11:34-40. Jephthah""s vow performed.

Judges 12:1. Ephraimite dispute.

Judges 12:2-3. Jephthah""s answer.

Judges 12:4-6. Jephthah""s action.

Judges 11:12-28. AMMONITE NEGOTIATION.

Judges 11:12. First message.

Judges 11:13. King""s answer.

Judges 11:14-27. Second message.

Judges 11:28. King""s obstinacy.

Judges 11:34-40. THE VOW PERFORMED.

-, Judges 11:34-36. Performance.

Judges 11:37-38. Suspension.

Judges 11:39 -. Performance.

-, Judges 11:39-40. Commemoration.

Judges 12:8-15. JUDGES (IBZAN, ELON, ABDON).

Judges 12:8-9 -. Ibzan.

-, Judges 12:9. Government (seven years).

Judges 12:10. Death.

Judges 12:11 -. Elon.

-, Judges 12:11. Government (ten years).

Judges 12:12. Death.

Judges 12:13-14 -. Abdon.

-, Judges 12:14. Government (eight years.)

Judges 12:15. Death.

Judges 13:1-16:31. PHILISTINES AND SAMSON.

Judges 13:1 -. Delivered to oppressors.

Judges 13:1. Time of servitude (forty years).

Judges 13:2 - Judges 16:31 -. Delivered by Samson.

Judges 16:31. Time of government (twenty years).

Judges 13:2 - Judges 16:31. DELIVERED BY SAMSON.

Judges 13:2-21. Promise. A deliverer.

Judges 13:22-23. Parents. Fear, and Cheer.

Judges 13:24-25. Child. Growth, and Power.

Judges 14:1 - Judges 16:31 -. Promise fulfilled. Deliverer.

Judges 13:2-21. PROMISE. A DELIVERER.

Judges 13:2-7. First appearance of Angel.

Judges 13:8-14. Second appearance of Angel.

Judges 13:15-21. Detention of Angel

Judges 13:8-14. SECOND APPEANANCE OF ANGEL.

Judges 13:8 -. Reappearance intreated.

-, Judges 13:8. Direction sought.

Judges 13:9-11. Reappearance vouchsafed.

Judges 13:12-14. Direction given.

Judges 13:15-21. DETENTION OF THE ANGEL.

Judges 13:15-16 -. Invitation of Manoah.

-, Judges 13:16. Manaoh""s ignorance.

Judges 13:17-18. Angel""s name. "Wonderful."

Judges 13:19 -. Offering of Manoah.

-, Judges 13:19-21 -. Angel""s action. "Wonderful."

-, Judges 13:21. Manoah""s knowledge.

Judges 14:1 - Judges 16:31. PROMISE FULFILLED.

Judges 14:1-20. Marriage.

Judges 15:1-19. Slaughter, in life.

Judges 15:20. Government, twenty years.

Judges 16:1-20. Harlots.

Judges 16:21-31 -. Slaughter, in death.

Judges 14:1-20. MARRIAGE.

Judges 14:1-9. Proposals.

Judges 14:10-20. Feast.

Judges 14:1-9. PROPOSALS.

Judges 14:1-4. Wife.

Judges 14:5-6. Lion. Rent.

-, Judges 14:6. Concealment.

Judges 14:7. Wife.

Judges 14:8-9 -. Lion. Honey in it.

-, Judges 14:9. Concealment.

Judges 14:10-20. THE FEAST.

Judges 14:10-11. Wife and companions.

Judges 14:12-13. Conditions proposed.

Judges 14:14. Riddle put forth.

Judges 14:15-17. Wife""s deceit.

Judges 14:18 -. Riddle solved.

-, Judges 14:18. Wife""s deceit.

Judges 14:19. Conditions fulfilled.

Judges 14:20. Wife and companions.

Judges 15:1-19. SLAUGHTER, IN LIFE.

Judges 15:1-8. First slaughter.

Judges 15:9-19. Second slaughter.

Judges 15:1-8. FIRST SLAUGHTER.

Judges 15:1-2. Wife refused.

Judges 15:3-5. Retribution. Burning.

Judges 15:6. Wife burnt.

Judges 15:7-8 -. Retribution. Slaughter.

- Judges 15:8-19. SECOND SLAUGHTER.

-, Judges 15:8-16. Expected retaliation.

Judges 15:17. Meaning of place. Ramath-lehi .

Judges 15:19-19 -. Expected retaliation.

-, Judges 15:19. Meaning of place. En-hakkore.

- Judges 15:8-16. EXPECTED RETALIATION.

-, Judges 15:8. Etam. Samson there.

Judges 15:9. Philistines. Camp at Lehi.

Judges 15:10-13. Etham. Mission to Samson.

Judges 15:14-16. Philistines. Slaughter at Lehi.

Judges 16:1-20. HARLOTS.

Judges 16:1-3. In Gaza.

Judges 16:4-20. In Sorek.

Judges 16:1-3. IN GAZA.

Judges 16:1. Samson. Harlot of Gaza.

Judges 16:2 -. Information given.

-, Judges 16:2. Expectation roused.

Judges 16:3. Samson. Gates of Gaza.

Judges 16:4-20. IN SOREK.

Judges 16:4. Samson. Gaza to Sorek.

Judges 16:5. Delilah""s bride.

Judges 16:6-20. Delilah""s snares.

Judges 16:21-31 -. Samson. Sorek to Gaza.

Judges 16:6-20. DELILAH""S SNARES.

Judges 16:6-14. Delilah""s attempts. Failure.

Judges 16:15-20. Delilah""s attempts. Success.

Judges 16:6-14. DELILAH""S FAILURE.

Judges 16:6. Binding.

Judges 16:7. Means. Green withs.

Judges 16:8. Used.

Judges 16:9. Broken.

Judges 16:10. Binding.

Judges 16:11. Means. New rope.

Judges 16:12 -. Used.

-, Judges 16:12. Broken.

Judges 16:13 -. Binding.

-, Judges 16:13. Means. Web. and pin.

Judges 16:14 -. Used.

-, Judges 16:14. Carried away.

Judges 16:15-20. DELILAH""S SUCCESS.

, Judges 16:15-18. Strength. Secret given.

Judges 16:19. Sleeping.

Judges 16:20 -. Walking.

-, Judges 16:20. Strength. Secret gone.

Judges 16:10. Binding.

Judges 16:21-31. SLAUGHTER IN DEATH.

Judges 16:21 -. Servitude.

-, Judges 16:21. Prison-house. Labour.

Judges 16:22. Hair growing.

Judges 16:23-24. Festival.

Judges 16:25-27. Sport.

Judges 16:28. Strength restored.

Judges 16:29-30. Prison-house. Destroyed.

Judges 16:31 -. Burial.

Judges 17:1 - Judges 18:31. ISRAEL AND OTHER PEOPLES.

Judges 17:1 - Judges 18:1. The Idolatry of Micah.

Judges 18:1-31. Aggression of Danites.

Judges 17:1 - Judges 18:31. IDOLATRY OF MICAH.

Judges 17:1-4. Micah""s house. Fabrication of image.

Judges 17:5. Consecration of his son.

Judges 17:6. "No king".

Judges 17:7-11. Micah""s house. Arrival of Levite.

Judges 17:12-13. Consecration of Levite.

Judges 18:1 -. "No king".

Judges 18:1-31. AFFRESSION OF DANITIES.

-, Judges 18:1. Danites. Inheritance.

Judges 18:2-6. Mission of spies.

Judges 18:7-10. Security of Laish.

Judges 18:11-26. Expedition. of Danites.

Judges 18:27-29. Conquest of Laish.

Judges 18:30-31. Danites. Idolatry.

Judges 18:11-26. EXPEDITION OF DANITES.

Judges 19:1 - Judges 21:25. INTERNAL DISORDER.

Judges 19:1 -. "No king".

Judges 19:1-28. The Provocation.

Judges 19:29 - Judges 20:11. Resentment.

Judges 20:12-46. The civil war.

Judges 20:47 - Judges 21:24. The regret.

Judges 21:25. "No king".

Judges 19:1-28. THE PROVOCATION.

Judges 19:1-9. At father-in-law""s house.

Judges 19:10-15. Journey.

Judges 19:16-26. At old man

Judges 19:29 - Judges 20:11. RESENTMENT.

Judges 19:29-30. Message to tribes.

Judges 20:1-3. Unanimity.

Judges 20:4-7. Recital to tribes.

Judges 20:8-11. Unanimity.

Judges 20:12-46. THE CIVIL WAR.

Judges 20:12-14. Negotiations.

Judges 20:15-16. Army of Benjamites.

Judges 20:17. Army of Israelites.

Judges 20:18-46. Hostilities.

Judges 20:12-14. NEGOTIATIONS.

Judges 20:12. Expostulation.

Judges 20:13 -. Requistion.

-, Judges 20:13. Refusal.

Judges 20:14. Preparation.

Judges 20:18-46. HOSTILITIES.