Shore. By this hyperbole, used in Scripture, we are given to understand that the army was greater than could be easily numbered or conceived. (Worthington) --- Philometor had assisted Alexander, with a treacherous design of seizing the kingdom when it should be weakened. (Haydock) --- He had given him his daughter for the same purpose; and now, when Demetrius asserted his claims, he pretended that he would defend his son-in-law, and was thus admitted into all the towns. At Ptolemais he declared his real design, still pretending that Alexander had laid snares for him. While the latter was raising forces in Cilicia, he took Antioch, where he placed two diadems on his head; slew the cruel Ammonius, who had chiefly irritated the people against his master; gave the wife of Alexander to Demetrius; and, in conjunction with him, went to attack Alexander near the river Œnoparas. Here he received some mortal wounds; though Alexander was routed, and soon after slain in Arabia. (Livy lii.) (Usher, the year [of the world] 3859.)

Verse 4

Way. This was done to irritate him against Jonathas, but he had now something else to do.

Verse 7

Eleutherus, about eighty leagues. Some place this river between Tyre and Sidon, but it ran to the north of Libanus, chap. xii. 24. (Pliny, &c.)

Verse 8

Seleucia. Literally, of the cities to Seleucia, on the sea shore," (Haydock) at the mouth of the Orontes, (Calmet) or Belus. (Ptolemy)

Verse 9

Hath. To what measure will not ambition stoop! These kings made light of adultery; and Cleopatra was still more dissolute, and married a third. (Haydock)

Verse 10

Kill me. Josephus thinks this was true: but it seems only a pretext.

Verse 13

Antioch. The whole province rebelled on account of the cruelties of Ammonius, who put on women's clothes, but could not escape. Philometor was proclaimed king, yet besought the people to forget the injuries of Soter, and receive his son, as for his part he was content with Egypt. (Just. xxxv.) (Josephus) (Calmet) --- Perhaps he saw that the time was not come for his annexing Syria to his dominions, though that was his real and primary intention. (Haydock)

Verse 14

Places of Syria, (Calmet) and the parts adjoining to Cilicia, (Haydock) which always continued faithful. (Calmet)

Verse 17

Zabdiel, "God's dowry," or Diocles, "the glory of God," (Haydock) prince of Arabia. (Diodorus xxxii.) --- Only five accompanied Alexander. His generals sought to make their peace with his rival, and slew him. (Usher) --- Exalted. Alas! to become the victim of death in the space of a week! (Haydock)

Verse 18

After. He had been mortally wounded in the battle, and remained insensible four days. When the head of Alexander was brought, he came to himself; but died three days after, while the physicians were trepanning him. --- Camp. The Egyptians loudly complained of this ingratitude of Demetrius. (Josephus) (Calmet) --- Perhaps he saw through the perfidy of Philometor, who had designed to keep the kingdom. (Haydock)

Verse 20

Castle. Soter's offers had not been accepted, chap. x. 22. Jonathan thought himself independent of his son. (Calmet)

Verse 21

Nations, by their actions. They wished to be free from the restraint of the law. (Haydock) --- When pastors seek to extirpate sin, the wicked represented this to princes as dangerous to the state. (Worthington)

Verse 23

Priests. These would testify that what he said in his defence was true. (Menochius) --- Zealous men will not cease to repress wickedness, as God's word is not tied, 2 Timothy ii. 9. (Worthington)

Verse 27

Friends. Greek, "he set him at the head of his first friends," (Haydock) treating him with the greatest distinction. (Calmet) --- Wise kings will always esteem zealous ministers, knowing that their fidelity to God is an assurance that they will also be faithful to their sovereign. (Worthington)

Verse 28

Governments, (toparchias) or "principalities." These had already been given, and are now enriched with immunities, like the rest of Judea and Samaria. (Worthington) --- The latter was not one of the governments, but they were taken from the country and from Galilee. Jonathas redeems all taxes.

Verse 31

Parent. Lasthenes had procured his troops, and was made prime minister. But abusing his power, threw his master into many difficulties. (Calmet)

Verse 34

. This city is specified in Greek. (Haydock) --- Syriac styles it Aphrem: probably a town of Ephraim; (John xi. 54.) perhaps Ephra, where Gedeon was born, Judges vi. 11. --- Lyda, or Dospolis. (Calmet)

Verse 35

Of them. He remits only the arrears, (Grotius) or all future claims, which are given up to the priests. (Haydock) --- Pans, or "lakes." Some would substitute (Calmet) Greek: timas, "dues," but without necessity. (Haydock) --- The lake of Sodom furnished salt of a sharper and more digestive nature than the other. (Galien iv. 19.) See chap. x. 29.

Verse 38

Nations, particularly Crete. This most pernicious counsel was probably given by Lasthenes. (Calmet) --- All people dislike foreigners to be trusted more than natural born subjects. (Haydock)

Verse 39

Tryphon, styled Diodotus before he mounted the throne. (Calmet)

Verse 46

Fight. The king attempted to disarm the citizens of Antioch; but they revolted, and would have slain him in his palace, (Diodorus, Valesii.) had not the Jews in the country, and those sent by Jonathas, come to his aid. He did not, however, give them a suitable reward. (Calmet) --- Three thousand faithful slew 100,000 infidels; (Worthington) or the were joined by others who were already in the king's army, (Haydock) or in the neighbourhood, (Calmet) as well as by the rest of the foreign troops, though the Jews were the most active and numerous. (Haydock)

Verse 54

Diadem, the year [of the world] 3860. (Calmet) --- He took the title of Theos Epiphanes, "God appearing;" and that of Nicephorus, "the victorious," when he took Antioch. (Diodorus, Excerp.; Vales, p. 346.; Vaillant)

Verse 56

Elephants. Literally, "beasts;" Greek: theria. (Haydock)

Verse 57

Four. The three specified, (ver. 34.) and probably Ptolemais, chap. x. 39.

Verse 58

In gold. Kings alone had or granted this privilege, (Calmet) as well as to wear purple or a chain of gold, (Worthington) or buckle, chap. xi.[x.?] 89. (Haydock)

Verse 59

Tyre. Eupator had given only as far as Ptolemais, 2 Machabees xiii. 24. This Antiochus gave the two brothers, the highest marks of esteem, making them governors of Phenicia and of Palestine.

Verse 60

River Jordan. He was then joined by the Syrian forces, and established the power of Antiochus as far as Damascus. Then he proceeded by the sea shore, and took Gaza. (Calmet)

Verse 62

Hand, or made peace by this usual ceremony. (Worthington)

Verse 63

Treacherously is not specified in Greek. --- Cades, a strong city in Galilee.

Verse 67

Asor, near lake Semechon, Josue xi. 1. Greek, "Nasor," erroneously. (Calmet) --- The n is superfluous. (Haydock)

Verse 70

Army. Greek, "captains of the army of the forces." (Haydock) --- Only these two captains remained; but there were some soldiers. Josephus says about fifty. Three men would hardly have made a fresh attack, ver. 72. (Worthington) --- Yet feats equally incredible have been performed by Samson and by some of the Romans. (Haydock) --- The little band of fifty-three entirely defeated the enemy. (Calmet) --- The two captains and their men alone stood firm.

Verse 72

Fought. Greek, "fled." (Menochius) --- Three thousand. Josephus says two thousand were slain. (Antiquities xiii. 9.) (Calmet)

Verse 89