Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Book Overview - Job
by Arend Remmers
1. Author and Time of Writing
The book of Job does not mention any indications of data and only very few indications of places. This is why this so very special book cannot be arranged in precise historical order.
During the course of time the following authors have been supposed: Job himself, Moses, Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel and Baruch. But all these suppositions are uncertain. The oldest supposition dates the book as far back as the time of Moses or even before Moses. In any case the events occurring in the book would indicate a very early time of origin. The following facts mainly suggest so:
· Job's high age (chap. 42:16)
· The people of Israel are not mentioned.
· The habit to offer at home (only meat offering!).
· The mentioning of the "kesitah"-coin (Job 42:11), which is else mentioned in Genesis 33:19 and Joshua 24:32 only (JND-Translation).
· Job and his friends knew God as "the Almighty" as did Abraham.
These and further details would suggest the times of the patriarchs.
The land of Uz (chap. 1:1) is generally suggested eastwards of river Jordan towards the border to Arabia in the land of Edom (compare Lamentations 4:21) or its vicinity. In the Septuagint (Greek translation of the OT) Job is even identified with Jobab, the second king of the Edomites (Genesis 36:33).
The Holy Spirit confirms Job's history by being mentioned as a historical person in the Old Testament (Ezekiel 14:14; Ezekiel 14:20) as well as in the New Testament (James 5:11).
2. Purpose of Writing
The book of Job is considered being part of the poetic books (Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs) in today's Bible editions. It belongs to the "writings" (hebr. ketubim) in the Hebrew Bible, which is the third part of the OT.
The book of Job is a "link and frame story". The beginning (chap. 1+2) and the end (chap. 42:7-17) are written in prose whereas the speeches in between are written in the form of poems. Hebrew poetry is very different to the western poetry. Hebrew poetry is not marked by metre and end-rhyme but by pictorial language, parallelisms and partly by rhythm and alliteration or stave rhyme (compare "The Psalms", paragraph 3a "Hebrew Poetry"). The subject of the book of Job is God's dealings with mankind in His governmental ways in a world in which Satan, the adversary of God, has introduced sin, suffering and death. Nevertheless these ways of God with mankind have always a good purpose (Romans 8:28).
Job was a wealthy but righteous and God-fearing man. God allowed Satan to take away from Job his wealth, his family, and his health. With his three friends Job discussed the problem why a righteous God allows that a righteous man has to suffer innocently. Job's three friends Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar were not able to understand these ways of God. They thought God was punishing Job for any sins and could not see that God uses suffering also to refine and to teach believers.
Eliphaz bases on human experience in all three speeches (chap. 4:8).
Bildad who addresses Job three times also gives reasons for his philosophical statements with tradition (chap. 8:8).
Finally Zophar in a haughty and legal way traces Job's sufferings back to lack of obedience in respect to God's demands (chap. 11:5-16).
But Job desperately sticks to his righteousness and sincerity. He thinks that God treats him in an unrighteous way and yet hopes that God will finally accept him.
Then Elihu appears. He is the messenger and type of the Lord (chap. 32:8; 33:4). He points out that God chastises man to refine him and bring him nearer to Himself. By this Elihu brings light into the darkness and brings Job into the presence of God. The reason for Job's wrong conclusions was that he did not understand that God wanted him to go into a deep trial.
When God finally Himself speaks to Job he has to confess: "I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye sees thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes." (chap. 42: 5-6) Now God can bless Job again.
The book of Job is a timeless book in which the ever present problem of human suffering - and especially in the case of believers - is treated. The fact that it is no matter connected to time or place is underlined by the lack of dates in this book.
The book of Job has times and times again been numbered amidst the best works of this world's literature. Martin Luther shall have termed it "great and exalted as no other book of Scripture". Many a sufferer has found consolation and strength in it in his distress.
3. Peculiarities
a) The Redeemer
We know today that the answer to Job's question is given in the New Testament only: "How should man be just with God?" (chap. 9:2;25:4). It is very remarkable however that there are distinct hints as to the coming redeemer in the book of Job:
·Chapter 9:33 the Umpire or Mediator
·Chapter 16:19 the Witness
·Chapter 19:25 the Redeemer
·Chapter 33:23 the Messenger and Interpreter
b) The Adversary
Satan, the adversary of God and men, appears several times in chapters 1 and 2. As fallen prince of the angels he has yet admittance to the throne of God in heaven (Is. 14:12-25; Ezekiel 28:14-19). This is where he is the accuser of the brethren (Revelation 12:10). The cross of Calvary, however, has broken Satan's power (Hebrews 2:14). He will be bound during the Millennium and at the end he will be thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone forever and ever (Revelation 20:1-3; Revelation 20:10). The only other references to the name Satan in the OT are 1 Chronicles 21:1 and Zechariah 3:1-2.
4. Overview of Contents
I. Job 1-2 : Job's Trial
Chapter
1
Job Looses Everything
Chapter
2
Job Falls Ill
II. Job 3-31 : Job and his Three Friends
1)
Chapter
3-14
The First Speech
Chapter
3
Job's First Speech
Chapter
4-5
Eliphaz' First Speech
Chapter
6-7
Job's Reply
Chapter
8
Bildad's First Speech
Chapter
9-10
Job's Reply
Chapter
11
Zophar's First Speech
Chapter
12-14
Job's Reply
2)
Chapter
15-21
The Second Speech
Chapter
15
Eliphaz' Second Speech
Chapter
16-17
Job's Reply
Chapter
18
Bildad's Second Speech
Chapter
19
Job's Reply
Chapter
20
Zophar's Second Speech
Chapter
21
Job's Reply
3)
Chapter
22-31
The Third Speech
Chapter
22
Eliphaz' Third Speech
Chapter
23-24
Job's Reply
Chapter
25
Bildad's Third Speech
Chapter
26
Job's Reply
Chapter
27-31
Job's Self-Justification
III. Job 32- 42 : Job's Humiliation
1)
Chapter
32-37
Elihu's Speech
Chapter
32
Elihu's Introduction
Chapter
33
Elihu's Criticism
Chapter
34-35
Elihu's Refutation of Job's Lamentations
Chapter
36-37
The Grandeur of God
2)
Chapter
38:1-42:6
Gods reply
Chapter
38-39
The Grandeur of Creation
Chapter
40-41
The Grandeur of God
Chapter
42:1-6
Job's Self-Judgment
3)